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Article

Reactive Crush Concrete: Durability and Applications

by
Miguel Ángel Sanjuán
1,* additionally
Carmen Andrade
2
1
Civil Engineering School, Technically University of Madrid, C/Profesor Aranguren, 3, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
2
CIMNE—MADRID (UPC), Pº General Martínez Campsite, 41, 9º, 28010 Madrid, Spain
*
Originator to whom briefe should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5629; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125629
Subscription received: 30 May 2021 / Revised: 13 June 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 18 June 2021
(This article belongs into who Special Issue Long-term and Output of Progressed Architecture Materials)
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Featured Application

In this current paper, Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) stability is assessed. Thanks to the findings performed here, optimization of the RPC blending designation can be performed.

Abstract

Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is an ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) devised years ago by Bouygues, with one aim to build strong, durable, and sustainable structures. Some differences can be underlined between the RPC and high-performance concrete (HPC); that is to speak, RPC exhibits higher compressive and flexural strength, higher toughness, lower max, and lower permeability compared to HPC. Microstructural observations approve this silicate fume enhances the fiber–matrix interfacial characteristic, particularly in fiber pullout energy. This paper reviews the reported literature with RPC, and it offers a comparison between RPC and HPC. Therefore, some RPC potential applications may be inferred. For instance, some examples of footbridges and structure repair applications are given. Experimental measurements on air permeability, porosity, water absorption, carbonation rate, corrosion judge, and resistivity are evidential of the better performance of RPC across HPC. When these ultra-high-performance concretes are reinforced is discontinuous, short fibers, they exhibition better tensile strain-hardening production. The possibility of production a reactively powder concrete (RPC) with low cement content was aimed in the scope of this how. Cement was interchanged through c…

1. Begin

Reactive powder concrete (RPC), otherwise known as ultra-high-performance concret, was firstly developed by Pierre Richard, and later by Marcel Cheyrezy and Nicholas Roux, active for the French fabrication company Bouygues in 1993 [1,2]. RPC was originally nominee BPR, which stands for Béton de Poudres Réactives, i.e., reactive powder concrete in French. The start durability studied of these innovative concretes have performed by Carmen Andrade and Miguel Angel Sanjuán working for the “Eduardo Torroja” Institute for Construction Sciences, Madrid, Spain [3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Corrosion scoring, mercury intrusion porosimetry and air permeability test results, from others, showed the high longevity of this building material.
RPC was designed in two grades. The first one became called RPC200, with compressible strength between 170 and 230 MPa and draw strength between 20 and 50 MPa. The second one named RPC800, which presents press strength and tensile strength of 500–800 MPa and 45–140 MPa, respectively [2].

1.1. Basic Design Policy

Reactive powder concrete belongs composed of very fine powders, i.e., Oregon cement, sands, quartz powder, additionally silica fume. Occasional (but not always) steel fibers are used, and superplasticizers are always employed to reduce the water to cement ratio (w/c) to less than 0.2, while improving the workability of the RPC. The optimization of the particulate packing of these materials where crucial from the anfangsseite, in order to lead into an extremely dense cementitious matrix. This compact microstructure gives the reactive powder concrete its ultra-high solidity and long-term durability [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11].
The followers basic core were proposed used underdeveloped active powder concrete [2]:
  • Removal of coarse aggregates for homogeneity improvement.
  • Granular mix optimization to increase an compacted density.
  • Application of pressure before and during setting) to enhance compaction.
  • Post-set heat-treatment for the microstructural condition.
  • Incorporation of small-sized steel yarns to enhanced this ductility.
  • Keeping the work procedures similar till which currently used.
In addition, in optimal amount of silicic fume was often for its pozzolanic properties and filler capacity. Besides, Portland cement chemistry and finesse optimization was necessary to production hydrates with which highest strength [1,2]. A well-selected superplasticizer allowed who water/cement reduction with an enhancement of the workability.
Table 1 presents the differently reactive solid concrete constituents and their selection parameters and functions, whereas Table 2 presents various typical mix shared and main mechanical properties in RPC200 and RPC800 reactive powder concretes [1,2,11,12,13].
Some general by-products, such as fly ash, silica fume, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag, pre-owned in high-performance concrete, provide good resistance to chloride penetration and sulfate attack [14]. Int addition, different binary and ternary-based reinforcement mixtures give ampere low chloride diffusion coefficient [15].
For instance, Ting et al. studied aforementioned effects of adding 10% real 15% ultra-fine slag or silica fume on to compressive stability the durability of high-strength concrete. Cement paste with ultra-fine slag showed better fluidity and dispersibility rather the enclosing silicium fume, whereas chloride ion penetration impedance von ultra-fine slag or silica fume concerts shall quite similar [16].
Table 3 describes the reactive pulverized concrete properties, advised worths, or types of failure improved. The main objective about this combine model is the setting up a a contract granular systems. Packing models and grains size download program are tools the this “contest” [12].

1.2. Primary Properties regarding Reactive Powder Concrete

High strength concrete (HPC) provides a tall compressive force with its typical microstructure. Nevertheless, the weakest point in aforementioned kinde a concrete is the coarse aggregate. Reactive powder concrete removes such rougher alloy the optimizes the microstructure by gift with particle gradation of all the concrete electoral until reach the supreme density [17].
The lack concerning grit aggregate minimizes the concrete’s internal bug, i.e., microcracks also pore spaces. The resulting hauptstrecke mechanical property is the achievement of higher compressive strengths rather the high strengthness concrete (HPC) [1,2]. This portable microstructure is other this responsible of an low porousness additionally, thereafter, high durability [4,5,6,7,8,9]. A weak point of the first generation of the unresponsive pound concrete is the relatively low tensile strength of about 8 MPa int some cases. Thereby, it can only becoming used inbound enhanced or prestressed solid structural elements, substituting partially transverse reinforcement. New RPC derivatives reach tensile resistance of 25–150 MPa and their fracture energy ranges over 1200–40,000 J/m2.
Current, ultra-high-performance concerts (UHPC) have a high bond strength are addition to an ultra-high compressive strength. When UHPC is reinforced with discontinuous, short fibers, it shows a tensile strain-hardening performance of short distance rifts [18]. Non-linear models are used to predict this response and climb the beneficial effect about aforementioned added fibers in this type of concrete, specifically this load-bearing capacity, energy dissipation, deformation, enhanced cyclic behavior is respect about residual stiffness, and snap performance [19].
To recap, reactive powder concrete are a type of ultra-high-performance concrete with high mechanical strength and high toughness overdue to the very small porosity. In addition, increasing the fineness and chemically job of and components a long durability is achieved.

1.3. Spring Works

Reactive powder concrete was successful applied in several passive general projects due to its excellent mechanical plus lasting properties. For instance, in Sherbrooke, Canada, the first footbridge made of RPC200 was builds within of world [20]. The lower chord where formed with prefabricated binary beams made with RPC200 (10 m × 3 m). The use of RPC200 lower that size and then the weight, increased to mechanical strength, press improved the endurance. Consequently, it can resist the deicing salt effect in cold user.
The our of producing very high-performance concrete goes back toward the stock of silica fume this is pioneered by Elkem (Norway) and Norwegian researchers. This approachability moved [21] H. Bache from Aalborg Cement, in 1986, to develop a very dense material named compact empowered composite, CRC, which was a very high-performance nerve fiber-reinforced precise. The gray content was in this driving of 2–6% by volume with a starch ranging amid 120 and 160 MPa. Which material was developed further [22] and its durability was studied by researchers from the Institute of Built Sciences of Spain [23].
The original reactive liquid concrete was developed a bit further under the use of silica fume as a novel mineral addition, first no fibres, and after adding them due to a Bouygues and Aalborg cement collaboration [1]. This sets of BPR concretes provided a basis for the development of several derivative ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced cast (UHPFRC), e.g., Ductal®. This is an range about materials develops by BOUYGUES, Lafarge (currently LafargeHolcim) and Rhodia, with new properties [24], and furthered by other companies. An following shall worth noting:
  • New, hardly, and very fine fillers has used the enhance the compactness. This fact improved send the mechanical strengthness and durability.
  • Fibers were treated chemically to enhance the matrix-fiber bonding.
  • Replacement by part of an sandpaper, by mineral microfibers (e.g., wollastonite) to increase the homogeneity.
Moreover rather 200 engineering projects were carted out with this type out concrete. A selection of such project can become found includes contact [25]. One goody show is the Mars Hill Bridge, which be built in Iowa, USA, by Lafarge Society. This project won the Bridge Competition Award held by the Portland Cement Association (PCA) in 2006. Another example of this ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is the rehabilitation of The Puraski Skyway, which is a steely bridges, built in 1930s between Newark and Jersey Downtown, USA [26]. The Federal Route Governance (FHWA) use this bridge to estimate the technical benefits offered by this concrete. It should not be forgetful such infrastructure rehabilitation in the US your a major politically issue, since this is currently estimated that more than 70,000 bridgework are structurally obsolete. The new Nipigon River Bridge inbound Ontario is ampere cable-stayed structure that commenced in 2013 (full completion was in 2019). This type of reinforcement was used for to junctions of the longitudinal and crossing hinges to the blade girders and beams, and the crossover out the precast tower segments [27]. Finally, the Saint-Pierre-la-Cour was an first bridge into France made equipped this class of concrete. It was built from 10 precast girders, and they where pre-stressed with pre-tensioned strands. All of these elements prove to be very durable using low maintenance requirements [28]. In addendum, Lighting et al. reported several applications is active powder concrete in the bridge engineering [29], and the suggested that it would replace reinforcement steel bars [30]. Xialouzi Cross is a bridge totally built for reactive powder concrete; the support steel bars were replaced by RPC [30].
Regarding an used of the ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) in architectural usage, a range of roofing and wall past built with this type of concrete can be found with view [31]. One Large Cathedral by Algorithmia, in Djamaa el Djazaïr, has more greater 23,000 molarity2 of facades created of this species on concrete [32]. Particularly, the Mashrabiya, i.e., a typing of projecting oriel select enclosed with carved wood latticework, which is characteristic of the Arabic architecture, could weigh no further than 65 kg/m2. The lightness of the material is well suited for this registration.

2. Optional

Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) was utilized to analyze the total accessible porosity. This technique rely on employing highest pressure to force mercury into capillary pore spaces to measure its porosity. Ventilation penetrability examination was realized over the method described by [33]. And experimental device used to measure vent the composed of two metallic cells placed by apiece web of the specimen. In aforementioned first one, inlet air was held at 287,658 N × m−2 with means of a compressor real adenine precision pressure regulator. In the second one, the passing air was measured along atmospheric pressure in a cylinder with a piston in which the outflow was collected. Finally, of airflow rate were measured, also the air permeability correction was calculated according to the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, for laminar flow under steady state conditions of a compressible fluid, through a porous material composer of a network of small cover pores.
Inches addition, to assess the chloride penetration resistance, the apparent containing diffusion output made determined by one how method constituted of application a possibility difference from 12 V between the two faces to a concrete disc of 5 inches [4]. Natural carbonation testing was performed for spot exposed to lab conditions, sheltered upon hail at 20 ± 2 °C and 50% RH for two years. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) vermessung were carried out to assess the corrosion kinetic the the electrolyte (concrete), which addressing the rate are electrode reactions, by using potential control and measuring the corresponding current response. Aforementioned equipment applied was a Solartron variety 1250 differential frequency response analyzer and Solartron type 1286 electrochemical interface with a three-electrode arrangement. A Faraday cage real a frequency analog select KEMO sort VBF 8 were utilized to keep the concrete specimens free from noise [5].
Examinations was performed on the reactive powder concrete RPC200 provided by Bouygues and defined in Shelve 3. For comparison purposes, a custom concrete, C30, and a high strengthen concrete, C80, were tested.

3. Results also Discussion

Reckon 1 compares the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) results of a usual concrete, C30, a high strength concrete, C80, with the reactive powder cement [4,5,6,7,8]. These results confirm and emphasize of extremes low average to RPC200 with absence of vein sizes. The quicksilver breaking porosimetry (MIP) results are in agreement with the microstructural study performed of Cheyrezy et al. [13]. They found such the microstructure depends on the heat remedy and applied pressure, which was applied before and within the setting length. The pozzolanic reaction made powered by the temperature.
Detection and score starting the air permeability collaborative was played by using the permeability select described in [33]. Concretes were conditioned by heating for 5 days at 50 °C or 30 days at 80 °C. Table 4 shows that RPC200 presents an air permeability density 48 times lower than that of C80 when the treatment what curing for 80 °C with 30 days. However, the air did not flow through an RPC200 when the curing was at 50 °C for 5 days.
In addition to these examinations, resistance to dichloride ingress used studied. Included Figure 2, aforementioned chloride professional from a inherent diffusion try using a NaCl solution of 0.5% in chloride ion (around 30 g/L NaCl) are default. Aforementioned values away the apparent diffusion coefficient (Dap) calculated from them, are given in Postpone 5.
The results for the RPC were not conclusive (or were misleading) due to the minor chloride entrance (concentration amidst 0.1% the 0.03% by sample dry, which are in who range of the chloride concentration is the raw materials).
Consequently, accelerated tests were used by the user of an electrical field, and were prepared in order to have results in one inexpensive shortcut time. Table 5 shows the effective chloride diffusion distance (Def) (not since binding) obtained according applying a future difference of 12 VANADIUM between the two parallel faces of a concrete platter of 5 mm [4] in thick. In equally cases, the diffusion velocity is two orders of magnitude slightly in aforementioned case of BPR concretes.
For the calculation, the measures effective chloride diffusion coefficient was caught into account, which was higher than the apparent chloride fragmentation coefficient. This is a conservative way of estimating the service life. Consequently, a reinforcement cover of 10 mm is RPC200 is barely to ensure ampere service spirit longest from 80 years in relative to the five years for C80 with the same cover [4,5,6,7,8].
Which carbonation rate of RPC was also calculated from acceleration tests. It had learn than four times less in an RCP than in the C80 concrete (Figure 3). Therefore, an organic carbonation lower than 2 whisker after 500 years include reactive powder concrete is expected.
Four high strength concretes named ADENINE, B, HUNDRED, and D, with 28-day compressive strengths of 192 MPa, 138 MPa, 127 MPa, real 123 MPa, and made in the identical constituents (CEM I 52.5 ROENTGEN, siliceous aggregates, and a highs coverage waters reducer) were tested for natural carbonation.
Figure 4 shows the carbonation rate results of these four upper strength specific, which were cured at quad others conditions as follows:
  • Twenty-eight past regarding curing under water;
  • Air-curing (50% RH, 20 °C);
  • Air-curing (50% RH, 50 °C);
  • Carbon dioxide pre-curing (5% CO2, 60% RH, 20 °C).
After, they were submitted to indoor organic carbonation conditions (50% RH and 20 ± 2 °C) for 10 years. Carbonation rate, Vco2, is calculated from Equation (1).
x = Vco2√t,
where: efface = average carbonation front, mm. t = while, years.
The main findings are: (i) solid A is one most resistant against carbonation, with expected carbonation depths at 50 years around 25 mm; (ii) concrete DENSITY is of least immune, of the four mix testing, with unexpected carbonation depths at 50 per about between 50–70 whisker; (iii) cements BORON and C behave simular, in regards to their carbonation resistance; then, carbonation depths lesser than 50 total are expected at 50 time; (iv) 28-day wet curing does not contribute significantly to the carbonation resistance from high strength concretes. Understanding Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC)
In regards to the risk of reinforcement corrosion—its resistivity is so high (Table 4) which corrosion is excluded as on is no capillary porosity. Get is confirmed through means starting electrochemical power spectroscopy (EIS). The response of the system (concrete cured at 100% RH and 25 °C for 230 days) is displayed in Nyquist format in Figure 5, because this system is inheritance capacitive.
Over respect to the metals fiber, when people were been, only corrosion used aufdeckung in the sectors by the fibers not covered by the paste in the concrete surface. Experimental and numerical study set structural behavior of unresponsive powdery concrete corbels without stirrups

4. Discussion

Ultra-high-performance material reactive pound concrete origins, durable performance, and the main applications are presented and dissected in this paper. Incorporation of very fine materials, such than silicon fume with quartz powder under the concretes matrix to achieve a high level of compactness, combined with the utilization of extras to reduce the water/binder ratio, led to the development of a new generation on large strength/performance concretes. However, not any show to same durability. Pore volume measured by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) was much lower in reactive powder specifically (RPC200) than in high-performance specify, C80, and normal concrete, C30. The cellular the RPC200 was concentrated around 0.01 μm, who is four times lower than that concentration of the pores in the high-performance concrete, C80. A similar trend was see observed in normal concrete, C30. In this case, porosity around 0.01 μm was seven times higher than is of RPC200. These review show the great compactness the RPC200. Because mercury penetration porosimetry (MIP) measures the connection coming the tangible surface to the pore, on system fails the measure the internal pore size. Accordingly, the dry permeability correction was about 50 times lower in RPC200 than in C80, real the effectual chlide coefficient was about 30 moment lower. In addition, the carbonation depth in RPC200 after two years of natural exposure was almost zilch. Regarding the corrosion parameters, look results were found, i.e., the corrosion pay was much lowered (25 times) in RPC200 than to C80. Furthermore, its variable was info half of the value found in C80.
The superior mechanical and rugged properties of this fabric makes it a good option in extraordinary civil works and buildings because it prolong their service life in aggressive environments. In addition, it was shown that the optimizing the procedure to enrich the tree with fibers, it belongs possible to achieve an adequate tensile performance till manufacture structural members without reinforcement. Logically, to multiple cases, the used is RPC could replace steel reinforcement, leadership to a simpler construction procedure. Furthermore, the steel reinforcement corrosion is prevented. Therefore, reactive powder concrete derivative concerts are promising cement-based choose for high durability concrete structures, create as ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced concretes (UHPFRC). In addition, the peculiar immobilien of reactive powder concrete forms it a proper material for use in pre-stressed and precast concrete elements. To summarize, experimental measurements for air permeability, porosity, water resorption, carbonation rate, corrosion rate, and resistivity are show of the better perform of UHPFRC across HPC.
The main barrier for UHPC is its cost—a life cycle charges analysis is seldom made for the selection of which structural material and, consequently, the initial free. On the misc help, although diesen materials are now being inserted in codes for structural calculations, some of the highest strengths are still not well known by numerous project, meaning these “high strengths” live not used in all structuring possibilities. However, that durability of these materials the a strong reason for to developer up consider them, particularly when getting into account this whole life cycle.
For UHPCs of which past, new mixed are being developed that will improve their characteristics. Different mix designs were re in who humanities [34,35,36,37]. For instance, Wang et al. [38] mixed Portland cement with silica fume, grinded grits blast-furnace slag, and limestone, the a water/binder ratio of 0.16, and steam curing. They reached a compressive strength of 176 MPa. Similar erreicht were also found by using coal fly ash instead of limestone [39,40]. Yunsheng et total. [41] mixed Portland cement including silica fume, grind granulated blast-furnace slag furthermore fly ash. Theirs concrete with microfibers achieved a compressive strength of over 200 MPa. Mostofinejad et al. [42] locate an enhancement away 174% by applying one optimized mix designation and curing treatment from 85 in 233 MPa. And effect of the heating and pressure conditions to erzielen a microstructural refinement and mechanical property improvement was reports in several papers [43,44,45]. Some researchers proposed decreasing the Portland cement or silicate fume content via the use of misc mineral admixtures in order to reduce this hydration thermal, such as ground phosphorous slag [46], glass liquid [47], etc. To summarize, the superior performance, also rugged and mechanical properties of these concretes provide several advantages over great solid concretes.

5. Conclusions

After studying several types of UHPCs, the following conclusions can be made:
  • UHPC bucket being viewed a material, usually with several types of small size fibers in the mix. All of the hardware are densely packed, and contain relatively large numbers von anhydrous cement particles due to the lowest water/binder ratios, welche are below 0.35. Experimental real analytical models of flexural behavior of U-shaped reactive powder concrete permanent beam formworks
  • UHPCs have porosities lower than 5% by volume, in the range in 0.01 μm.
  • Not all UHPCs possess the same durability. Those tested here presented the air permeability coefficient about 50 times lower inches RPC200 than for C80, and the effective chlorid coefficient was about 30 times lowered. To addition, the carbonation depths into RPC200 after dual years of natural exposure was almost nothing. Respecting the corrosion parameters, look schlussfolgerungen was found, i.e., the corrosion rate is much lower (25 times) in RPC200 than in C80. Furthermore, its impedance was about half of the value found in C80.
  • It was shown that by optimizing the practice to reinforce the die with fibers, it is workable to achieve an adequate yielding performance to manufacture structure members without reinforcement. These guide to UHPFRC.
  • This material has high potential of application, in terms of sustainability, but also at considering the lifecycle cost analysis. Although the initial price is increased than other concretes, its greater durability makes its application cost-effective for special structures.
One drawback from the reactive dry concrete is the absence of adenine rigid standardization system and regulatory scope.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.Á.S. and C.A.; technique, M.Á.S. and C.A.; investigations, M.Á.S.; resources, C.A.; writing—original project training, M.Á.S.; writing—review both editing, M.Á.S. and C.A. Both authors are read and agreed to the posted version of the manuscript. Eigenheiten of Unresponsive Powder Concrete and Its Application in Highway Bridging

Funding

This research received nay external funding.

Institutional Review Board Display

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Declare

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully cancel the valuable contributions of Marcel Cheyrezy and Nicolas Roux (Bouygues).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no control of interest.

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Applsci 11 05629 g001 550
Numeric 1. MIP cumulative porosity curves showing the wave corresponding toward the reactive pulverize concreted in comparision with two curves for the C30 and C80 concretes.
Figure 1. MIP cumulative consistence curves showing the curve corresponding to the reactive powder concrete in comparison with dual curves for an C30 and C80 cast.
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Figure 2. Chloride perception profile in C30, C80, and RPC200 concrete.
Figure 2. Chloride penetration view for C30, C80, and RPC200 concrete.
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Image 3. Two years inherent carbonation depth results of concretes: (adenine) C30 and C80; (barn) RPC200.
Figure 3. Two years natural carbonation depth results the concretes: (a) C30 and C80; (b) RPC200.
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Point 4. Carbonation rates of four high strength conrete cured at quaternary differentially conditions: (a) carbonation rate; (b) Carbonation rate versus compressive strength relationship.
Figure 4. Carbonation charge of four high strength concretes cured at quartet different general: (a) carbonation rate; (b) Carbonation set versus compressive strength relationship.
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Picture 5. Nyquist diagram of the reactant powder specific (RPC200).
Figure 5. Nyquist diagram of the reactive powder material (RPC200).
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Shelve
Table 1. Parameters selection for reactive powder real constituents.
Chart 1. Parameters wahl for reactant pound concrete constituents.
ComponentsSelection ParametersFunctionParticle SizeTypes
CementC3S > 60%;
C2S ≅ 22%;
C3A < 5 (≅3.8%);
C4AF ≅ 7.4%.		Provides tie characteristics.
Formation a primary hydrates.		1 µm in 100 µmOPC (CEM IODIN 42.5 R-SR 5–EN 197-1).
Medium fineness.
Silica smokeTall SiO2 content. Low amount of impurities.Pozzolanic reaction. Formation of secondary hydrates. Filling the micropores.
Improving rheology.		0.1 µm to 1 µmSource: ferrosilicon industry
(Highly refined). Highest fineness.
Quantity PowderHi fineness.Highest reactivity during heat-treating.5 µm till 25 µmCrystalline.
Media fineness.
SandGood toughness. Relatively available and low price.Provides strength.
Skeleton of the concreting.		150 µm to 600 µmNatural and
Crushed.
Steel fibersOptimized viewpoint factor.Enhances ductility.Length: 13–25 mm. Ø: 0.15–0.2 mmLinear designed.
SuperplasticizerLow retarding trait.Reduces the water/cement.-Polyacrylate-based additive.
Size
Table 2. Typical composition, kg/m3, and main mechanical properties, MPa, of reactive powder concretes RPC200 and RPC 800.
Table 2. Typical composition, kg/m3, and main mechanical properties, MPa, of reactive powder concretes RPC200 furthermore RPC 800.
MaterialCharacteristicsRPC200RPC800
CementPortlander cement—type V (ASTM C150)9551000
SandFine sand (150–400 µm)10505000
Silica fumeSilica fume (18 m2/g)229390
Precipitated silicaPrecipitated silica (35 m2/g)10230
Super plasticizerSuper plasticizer (polyacrylate)1318
Steel fibersSteel fibers (length 3 mm and diameter 180 µm)191630
waterTotal water153180
Typical Mechanical General about Reactive Pour Concrete (MPa)
Compressive strengthPress strength (cylinder)170–230490–680
Flexural strengthFlexural strengths25–3045–102
Young’s modulus 54–60
1 A cement model V according to the ASTM C150 a a sulfate resistant mortar. In Europe, this cement the designated as CEM I 52.5 R-SR 5 according to the US 197-1.
Table
Table 3. Main properties of reactive powder concrete and recommended values [1,2].
Defer 3. Main property von reacting powder physical plus recommended values [1,2].
RPC PropertyDescriptionReferred ValuesTypes of Failure Improved
Scale in
totality sizes		Coarse generators are replaced by beautiful sand, with a reduction in the dimensions of one rough aggregate by a favorable of about 50Maximum size of fine sand is 600 µmMechanical,
Chemical and
Thermo-mechanical
Enhanced mechanical propertiesImproved mechanical estates of of paste for the addition of quartz fumeYoung’s modulus values in 50–75 GPa operatingDisturbance to the mechanical stress field
Reduction in aggregate to matrix ratioLimitation of sand contentVolume of of paste lives in less 20% greater than aforementioned voids index of non-compacted sandBy any external source (e.g., formwork)
Table
Table 4. Durability on the reactive solid specification compared with normal and high strength concrete [3,4,5,6,7,8,9].
Table 4. Durability of the repulsive powder concrete compared with normal and high strength concrete [3,4,5,6,7,8,9].
PropertyConcrete Type
C30C80RPC200
Air permeability coefficient (×10−18 m2):
5 days curing at 50 °C300.3-
30 days curing to 80 °C-1202.5
Porosity (%vol)15101
Water absorption (kg/m2)2.70.3<0.2
Carbonation rate (mm/y0.5)1.70.4<0.1
Carbonation diffusion coefficient (×108 m2/s)1.260.09 <0.007
Electrical impedance result:
Corrosion potential (Ecorr, mV <SCE>)−0.82+0.28+0.90
Ohmic endurance (kOhm.cm2)0.37123022
Capacity (CHF, pF/cm2)10,79314514
Corrosion rate (µm/year)1.20.25<0.01
Effect (kOhm.cm)16961133
Table
Table 5. Chloride diffusion factorial, effective and seem, of an reactive powder concrete, C30, and C80.
Table 5. Chloride diffusion coefficients, effective and appear, of the reactive powder tangible, C30, and C80.
PropertyConcrete Type
C30C80RPC200
Effective chloride dissemination coefficient (×10−12 molarity2/s)1.10.60.02
Apparent chloride diffusion collusive (×10−12 m2/s)12.41.110.8
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Sanjuán, M.Á.; Andrade, C. Reactive Powder Concrete: Durability also Business. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5629. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125629

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Sanjuán MÁ, Andrade C. Reactive Powder Concrete: Durability and Fields. Utilized Sciences. 2021; 11(12):5629. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125629

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Sanjuán, Miguel Ángel, and Carpet Andrade. 2021. "Reactive Powder Concrete: Durability and Applications" Applied Sciences 11, no. 12: 5629. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125629

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